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PowerPoint Document Version
EILAND'S ONLINE ENGLISH CLASSES
GENERAL INFORMATION
- Two Types:
- Primary Sources...the main work, either a document or essay, you are analyzing.
- Secondary Sources...the works written about the primary work, or those general works
used to analyze primary work.
- The following information concerns both primary and secondary sources. Keep in mind that APA formatting refers to non-literature humanities such as history, psychology and the like, as well as the sciences. For MLA formatting, see Quoting Your Sources, MLA style.
DIRECT QUOTES
- Uses exact words from author.
- May be a word, phrase, sentence, or series of sentences.
- Place citation directly after the quotation or the particular statistic. Placing the citation at the end of your sentence in which you include your own information implies that the author is being given credit for your idea.
- Always both preceded and followed by your analysis of quote's importance and/or relevance. The paragraph will be a sandwich of sorts, and consider quoted text the mustard in the sandwich. You don't want it on the top or the bottom. See the LONG QUOTE EXAMPLE below for an example of a paragraph with text in it.
- Follow with author and year of work's publication in parentheses before terminal punctuation, except
when punctuation determines the manner in which something is stated or asked.
DIRECT QUOTE EXAMPLES
- Awareness of Aspergers Syndrome is growing.
"Awareness of Aspergers Syndrome is growing" (Jones 2001).
- Sadly, professional training and experience working with children and adolescents with Aspergers is still hard to find!
"Sadly, professional training and experience working with children and adolescents with Aspergers is still hard to find!" (Jones 2001).
MORE DIRECT QUOTES
- She was a modern woman.
They called Audrey a "modern woman" (Smith 2002). - Aspbergers symptoms include the inability to deal with routine change, lack of empathy for others, even those close to the patient, and other common social problems, such as the inability to make eye contact.
An Asperber's patient may demonstrate "the inability to deal with routine change, lack of empathy for others..., and ... the inability to make eye contact" (Smith 2002).
- Placed in commission as CSS Virginia in mid-February 1862, the ship's iron armor made her virtually invulnerable to contemporary gunfire.
Sometimes referred to as "virtually invulnerable to contemporary gunfire" (CSS Virginia 1862-1862, 2009), the reconditioned Merrimack immediately set about attacking and sinking two Federalist vessels.
INDIRECT QUOTE
Citation of any information that is not a direct quotation is called an indirect quote. Examples of such material would be paraphrases, statistics and claims. A paraphrase is essentially rewording an author's ideas into your own words while maintaining the essential truths. Many instructors require that the students cite paraphrase, but given that the vast majority of what you're researching is new information for you, theoretically you would be citing every sentence. For the purposes of my class, I want you to only cite any paraphrase in which the author is making a specific claim, such as the value of something, the veracity of someone else's argument or some kind of specific idea. Statistics refer to specific information, most commonly numbers and percentages, that explain, for example, a percentage of the population that engaged in a particular behavior or something along those lines. Statistics need citation because we need to know where you got your statistics as they often vary from source to source. Be sure to put the citation directly after the statistics rather than at the end of your sentence because you are citing a statistic itself, not your explanation of what it means.
Claims are particularly important in terms of citation. You are essentially giving an opinion that is derived from someone else, and you are giving that opinion in your own words. It is important that the person whose opinion is being expressed is credited with that opinion. Again, the citation should directly follow the opinion itself, not your assessment of it.
INDIRECT QUOTES EXAMPLES
- Awareness of Aspergers Syndrome is growing.
Jones believes that Aspergers Syndrome is worsening (Jones 2001).
- Sadly, professional training and experience working with children and adolescents with Aspergers is still hard to find!
Jones indicates that the lack of training and experience with patients is common (Jones 2001).
MORE INDIRECT QUOTES
- Aspbergers symptoms include the inability to deal with routine change, lack of empathy for others, even those close to the patient, and other common social problems, such as the inability to make eye contact.
An Asperber's patient may demonstrate in flexibility, apathy and social distance (Smith 2002).
Keep in mind that as you make reference especially to different resources in the same sentence, you want to identify which information came from which author. In the following sentence, notice that the information has been clearly defined as to who made which claim.
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Research tells us that better libraries mean higher reading scores (see McQuillan, 1998 and studies reviewed in Krashen, 2004) and Keith Curry Lance has provided evidence confirming the positive impact of library staffing on reading achievement (Lance, 1994).
CITING PLAYS AND POEMS AND LYRICS
- When citing plays, cite with act and scene.
- Act is a Roman numeral, and act and scene are separated by a colon.
- "Out, out damned spot!" (Shakespeare, II:6).
- Poetry and lyrics are cited by line number.
- "Wake up to find out that you are the eyes of the world" (Hunter, Garcia lines 8-9).
USING QUOTE WITHIN A QUOTE
- Use regular quotation marks to show that someone else's words are being cited, but also
use single quotation marks to show that the passage was already in quotes.
- Single marks always go inside the double marks.
DIRECT QUOTE WITHIN A QUOTE
- "Look at that!"
"'Look at that!'" (Jones 2001).
- "I need a drink," she said quietly.
"'I need a drink,' she said quietly" (Jones 2001).
LONG QUOTES
- More than 4 lines of text, regardless of sentence number.
- Place within your paragraph as a block form paragraph, indented five (5) spaces on
each margin.
- Always preface with and follow with your own words...don't let the quote stand alone
or begin or end the paragraph.
- Punctuate the quoted piece exactly the same way it is presented in the original work.
The indentation suffices to indicate the passage is a quotation.
- Put terminal punctuation before citation (different from regular quotation format).
- Bring your next sentence out to widest margin - do not indent, as this signals a new
paragraph.
LONG QUOTE EXAMPLE
Dr. Shravi Bahktra in "Examining Destructive Adolescents" (2003) points out that many violent acts by adolescents are youth trying to get attention or are attempts to replicate behavior exhibited in the home. Moore pointed out in "Violent Adolescents" (1996), that "anti-social behavior in children can be traced to acts seen in the home, especially violence against the mother or other siblings" (Moore 1996). These behaviors then get replicated as the child begins to process these feelings of fear and rage that can only be expressed in their limited experience through violence against others around them or even self destruction. (Bahktra 2003)
It is that "anti-social behavior" (Moore 1996) that is also exhibited through other acts such as petty crime, drug use, and other behaviors that eventually spiral out of control.
CONVERSATIONS
- Indent entire passage as you would a long quote.
- Create a new line and indent for each time the character who is speaking changes.
- Include regular quotation format as indicated in text, since this is a long quote format.
EXAMPLE OF A CONVERSATION
The two characters argue as to who is right, neither willing to see the other's
perspective.
"I can't go now."
"Yes, you can."
"I really don't like these people."
"Sure you do." (Jones 2001)
He clearly is not listening to her, demonstrating his lack of respect for her.
STUFF TO REMEMBER
- For standard (not long form) quotes, drop terminal punctuation of quoted piece and
insert a parenthetical reference with author's last name and year (Jones 2001).
- Then put period, comma, semi-colon or other appropriate punctuation at end.
- Leave in question mark or exclamation point, but still end citation with a period.
- In long quote, parenthetical goes after terminal punctuation.
- Use text for support; it is not meant to be self-explanatory.
- Make sure the text you use is clearly directly related to your point.
- Don't use too many quotes--one or two will suffice in most cases.
SECONDARY SOURCES
© T. T. Eiland, January 1998
Last modified: Mayy 4, 2011
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